The Greatest Threat Of Saudi Arabia - 1317 Words

THE GREATEST THREAT TO SAUDI ARABIA 1LT. ALDAWEES MESHARY MICCC 16-009 CH (MAJ) Martin, William A. 23 September 2016 â€Å"God is great, death to America, death to Israel, curse the Jews,† this is a translation of the Houthi flag. They a are religious militant political movement based in Saada, in northern Yemen called. Houthis by their founder, Hussein al-Huthi, who was killed by Yemeni forces in 2004. This paper will discuss why Iran, working with militant organizations such as the Houthis is the greatest threat to Saudi Arabia. We wonder, what are the implications of the fall of Sanaa on Gulf security in general, and Saudi Arabia in particular? Yemen has geographical limits equal to 1485 km, it is the fourth Arab country after Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq, which has fallen because of Iranian support to the Houthis. Houthis dominated Imran, then surrounded Sanaa and made demands of the Yemeni government and military as they began to see farther and bigger ambitions. Houthis took control of the levers of government, the Yemeni Headquarters of Security, and sided with senior Yemeni Army commanders who had been fired on treason and corruption charges. They then entered government institutions in Yemen. They took control of the oil refinery in Marib and marched to the port of Hodeida, in an attempt to extend their influence from the west coast of Yemen up to the Strait of Bab el-Mandeb. They also refuse to attended negotiations and are today demandingShow MoreRelatedSaudi Arabi Oil And Natural Gas1749 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion One Saudi Arabia is the largest oil and natural gas producer of oil in the world attributed to its vast reservoir (Jasimuddin, 2001). The economic growth seen over the years has been dependent upon exploration and production of oil for local and international market (Jasimuddin, 2001). Oil in Saudi contributes up to 40% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and an approximate 80% of its annual revenue (Elachola Memish, 2016). Largely, the exports that emanate from Saudi Arabia to the tuneRead MoreThe Attacks Of 9 / 111247 Words   |  5 PagesOsama Bin Laden in the purpose of destroying the nations which are against Muslims for for the reason that we assumed to be. Al-Qaeda disliked that the fact that American military was still staying at Saudi Arabi. First, al-Qaeda said that United States must remove forces from Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is the center of Islam. Many Muslims were upset that military is present. Second, the United States supported Israel. Al-Qaeda believed it was a cri me to support Israel. Bin Laden said that whoever hasRead MoreForeign Relations Between The Middle Eastern Sunni And Eastern Asia1558 Words   |  7 Pagesown problems? If so, where should the US be the most aggressive, and where should it take the largest step back? For two large regions of the world, the Middle Eastern Sunni, including the Oil rich Gulf States, and Eastern Asia, holding some of the greatest economic powers of the world, China and Japan, the US needs to make extremely stratigraphy policies in order to create a more desirable relationship between not only it and the countries of those regions, but also of those regions with their neighborsRead More Persian Gulf War Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesArab states tried to intervene the dispute. Kuwait didn’t want to look weak so they didn’t ask for any help from the United States or other non-Arab powers for support. Arab mediators convinced Iraq and Kuwait to negotiate their differences in Saudi Arabia, o n August 1, 1990, but that meeting resulted only in charges and countercharges. A second meeting was planned to take place in Baghdad, the Iraqi capital, but Iraq invaded Kuwait the next day, leading some people to think that Iraqi presidentRead MoreFilm Studies of Syriana1030 Words   |  5 Pagessurvival currently rests in the hands of warlords and unstable country s that are run by the income derived from our enormous consumption. King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia last year made a startling statement. He is quoted as saying â€Å" The oil boom is over and will not return. All of us must get used to a different lifestyle.†(Phillips) The Saudi s are America s main supplier of oil and for there king who s wealth is based on our need for oil to say such a thing must make us take a look at how weRead MoreU. S Arab Relations : Assessing The Successes And Failures Of American Policy806 Words   |  4 Pagesthe National World who wrote about a report that was published by the United States State Department they praised the GCC countries for their strong regional and international counterterrorism cooperation. The findings were that the UAE had the greatest progress in cutting off illegals flows of money to extremist groups. However, Qatar and Kuwait for not clamping down on private terrorist financing and not following the indicated new fiscal reforms to prevent these funds from reaching extreme groupsRead More The Connection between 9/11 and the Need for Foreign Oil Essay examples1227 Words   |  5 Pagesattacks, the United States’ government asserted to the media and the public that the occurrences were brought about by Middle Eastern entities who threatened the security of the nation with their production of weapons of mass destruction. Due to past threats by Islamic extremists in the 1980’s and 1990’s, such an idea seemed plausible; however, no proof has ever been found or publicized that such weapons truly existed. In fact, Iran did not produce its first nuclear weapon until 2009, demonstrating thatRead MoreLukoil Case Essay627 Words   |  3 Pagespositions. Russia has the largest oil reserves in the world along with Saudi Arabia, they continue to rotate the position of the largest oil producing country in the world. Russia is third country give oil and gas in Europe and now beginning to increase exports to the East Asian markets are hungry for energy. Russian oil companies have become major competitors worldwide. Thus, the percentage factor theory is applied. Russia has the greatest potential to increase the market share of the suppliers. In 2000Read MoreEconomics : How Supply And Demand Are Affected By Controlled, And Can Be Manipulated Through Its Pricing Strategies1160 Words   |  5 Pageson the environment. There are many countries producing oil, the issue is just that they cannot produce enough oil in their own countries to meet the demands of their nations. For many countries, being influenced by OPEC created a national security threat. This is because the restricting of oil output or the monopolistic prices that could be set, could cripple the economy of a country. As a result of these fears, perspective nations began the exploration for oil within their own borders. As new technologiesRead MorePeace in the Middle East1032 Words   |  5 Pagescommitment to the freedom and security of the region, and we will not abandon these countries to terrorists and extremists seeking to impose their rule of intimidation and murder across the Middle East. The Desire For Freedom And Justice Is The Greatest Weapon In The Fight Against Violent Extremists The United States will be a partner in building a Middle East that is growing in peace and prosperity. The United States has no desire for territory – we seek our shared security in liberty in the

The Privatization of American Prisons Essay - 4419 Words

The Privatization of American Prisons Introduction Since 1984, the California Penal System has been forced to undergo drastic changes resulting from increased legislation aimed at increasing the severity of retribution to offenders leading to an exponentially increasing prison population. In the 132 years between 1852 and 1984, the state of California built twelve prisons, but has since supplemented the prison system with 21 new facilities. In 1977, the California Department of Corrections was responsible for 19,600 inmates. California’s inmate population now stands at 160,655, an increase of close to 800%. Across the nation, both local and federal prison systems have looked to private corporations to provide beds for†¦show more content†¦Shortly after British colonists created the first Virginian settlements in 1607, a shipment of convicted felons arrived, shipped by British entrepreneurs to be used as indentured labor, a condition of their pardon. A process often used by private entrepreneurs, this, in turn, lowered prison costs to the respective government. Throughout most of the eighteenth century, jails were maintained through a combination of fees and labor sales, and the state of Pennsylvania passed legislation calling for inmate labor to be used on all public projects. Prisoner outsourcing in the United States is originally attributed to New York’s Newgate Prison in 1802. The prison was able to contract with local manufactures, effectively offsetting rising prison costs. By 1825, prisons throughout the country, including Auburn, Baltimore, Charlestown, and Wethersfield, were realizing profits resulting from â€Å"prison contracted labor industries.† State legislators were quick to pass legislation aimed at compensating the rising costs attributed to keeping prisoners. In 1838, the state of New Jersey mandated all prisoners be kept working, and all earnings be used to cover the price of incarceration. California followed soon after with the Prison Act of 1851, which allowed prisoners to be turned over to contractors who would cloth, feed, and detain them in return for labor. By the 1850s, California’s San Quentin Prison, was the first prison to be built and maintainedShow MoreRelatedPrivatization of American Prisons1661 Words   |  7 Pagesrunning prisons out of the hands of state and federal authorities and contracting it out to private organizations. Along with the drift to privatization is a plethora of research pertaining to the subject taking many different approaches to analyzing the effectiveness. The majority of research focuses on one of three areas. The first questioning whether or not it is cost effective to make the switch. The second being the ethical problems that can and have risen from the privatization of prisons. TheRead More Privatization of American Prisons: a System for Profit Essay8583 Words   |  35 Pagesthis paper will be a compilation of research on the privatization of American prisons. This will include the reasons for, the historical aspects of, and the ethical and legal problems that it can and has caused. The res earch methods that will be used to develop this research paper will be done through both classical use of books and use of internet-based sources. This topic is important for analysis because the privatization of American prisons is a subject that raises many ethical and legal questionsRead MoreSheding the Light on the Privatization of Prisons from the Costs Point of View1102 Words   |  5 Pages In 2013 a paper from authors, Kish and Lipton discuss the title: Do private prisons really offer savings compared with their public counterparts? The purpose of this article is to shed light on the privatization as far as the cost savings. The authors point out the key points of cost saving are: The construction of a private prison is typically faster since voter approval is not required. The reduction of staff members is one way of reducing cost. The author states the problem being, the measurementRead MoreDefining Accreditation675 Words   |  3 PagesAccreditation is defined as a verification system in which correctional agencies must comply with under the American Correctional Association. Privatization brings about competition between prisons and jails in the community. As a result, prisons and jails are encouraged to make improvements as deemed necessary. In addition to affecting prisons and jails, accreditation and privatization also has an effect on the professional development of corrections officers. In recent years, the correctionalRead MorePrivate Prisons1166 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: PRISON PRIVATIZATION 1 An Assessment of Prison Privatization Sharon Baumann-Heller ORG 8575 Michael Mills August 12, 2012 PRISON PRIVATIZATION 2 Abstract Over-crowding in our federal, state, and local prisons, along with a depressed economy, has resulted in a trend toward privatization of these facilities. This paper examines the core issues surrounding private prisons in the areas of cost-effectiveness, recidivismRead MorePublic Facilities And Private Prisons1116 Words   |  5 Pages Prison is an institution designed to securely to house inmates who have been convicted of crimes. The United States holds the records for having the largest inmate population residing within the walls of the correctional system. The inflation in correctional spending and the largest prison population have impelled lawmakers and the government to look toward the privatization of prisons. Privatization of prisons is the use of private sector or corporation in financing, constructing, andRead MorePrivate Prisons Are Becoming A Cash Cow For A Lot Of Mega Corporations For Big Business1035 Words   |  5 PagesPrivate prisons are becoming a cash co w for a lot of Mega Corporations for big business. At one time in American penal system operated at dangerous criminal needed to be put under lock and key in order to protect society. Now and days many of our states are trying to save money so that’s why private prisons have been the answer to a lot of these states. We as a country are moving to that direction because it’s easier on states. With public prisons overcrowded the move for states to privatize prisonsRead MoreIs Prison Privatization Really a Long Term Fix? Essay1698 Words   |  7 PagesPrison Privatization is a term used for which local, state and federal correction facilities hire companies from the private sector to run prisons and provide prison-related services. Some private companies are contracted only to provide things such as medical care, counseling, food services, and maintenance within publicly owned jails and prisons. Today, more and more private companies are being contracted to not only desig n and build, but also to operate new jails and prisons on both the stateRead MoreA Brief Note On Academic And Professional Communications1471 Words   |  6 PagesDecember 7, 2015 Abstract The idea of privatized corrections in America has been around since around the 1980’s; this was due largely in part because of the financial burdens faced by both federal and state run facilities, however, as the privatization of correctional facilities became more prevalent, so too did instances of corruption. As more federal and state run institutions became privatized there was a marked increase in numbers of those incarcerated as well as a push for more stringentRead MoreAmerican Incarceration : Where We Are, And What Can Be Done?1518 Words   |  7 PagesYasir Choudhury Dr. Joà £o Vargas UGS 303 Mass Incarceration 5 October 2015 American Incarceration: Where We Are, and What Can be Done From its early inception as a necessary aspect of modern society to its broken state that can be seen today, the American penal system has changed radically in recent history from an institution that performed the duty of safeguarding the public from those too dangerous to be left unsupervised to a business model concerned more with generating a profit for shareholders

Children s Responsibilities For Children - 1866 Words

Every adult who has children knows it is a challenging experience and extremely rewarding, especially when the children grow to be responsible, independent, caring, productive adults and parents in their own right. After helping raise my own children, being a professional martial arts instructor since 1979, teaching thousands of children and helping other parents raise their children (so they tell me), here are 10 keys I feel are important to raising children successfully. 1. Leadership Kids need a leader, someone who is strong, responsible, caring and committed to their highest and best good. What children do not need is to be the parent to their parents. Children do not need to be buddies, pals or best friends with their parents until they, the children, are adults. Children are children. They need leaders to lead, guide and direct them through their early life. Those leaders are the parents who need to take a front row in raising their kids. For children to be successful in life, they need a strong parental foundation, one that puts them before their parent s careers, activities, relationships and jobs. Children should never be thought of as appendages to a parent s life. Until the children are of legal age, the children are the parent s life. When this commitment is given to children, it is a boon to their early development and later success as responsible and independent adults. 2. Structure Children need structure. They need foundational guidelines. They need toShow MoreRelatedChild Responsibilities And Children s Act 20041560 Words   |  7 PagesEvery Child Matters 2003 and Children Act 2004 updated in 2010 to Help Children Achieve More Put into place to ensure that all organisations and agencies involved with children birth to 19 work together to achieve the following: †¢ Stay Safe †¢ Healthy †¢ Enjoy and Achieve †¢ Economic Well-being †¢ Positive Contribution These recommendations became a requirement following the Every Child Matters framework and Children’s Act 2004. Every Child Matters was redeveloped throughout the Children’s Plan 2007Read MoreChildren s Health Is The Most Important Responsibility For Their Parents1912 Words   |  8 Pageshealth is the most important responsibility for their parents. Childhood vaccinations are really important and they safe many children’s lives. However, there are many parents that are confused about childhood vaccination. Some parents accept vaccination for their children, and others are trying to avoid this process. Childhood vaccination should be a mandatory for every child that doesn’t have any medical conditions. Vaccines have prevented diseases from which children used to get serious health complicationsRead MorePersonal Narrative : Children And Electronics948 Words   |  4 PagesMelissa Tran English 061 26774 10 November 2016 Children and Electronics The children of this generation will never get to feel the troubles that came way before the electronics of this era. The new technology keeps getting too new for the old and the old technology is too complex for the new generation. Children and adults are both learning how to interact with each other through technology because it is actually beneficial to the children. An example of this is google classroom because theyRead MoreConceptualizing a Business Essay1417 Words   |  6 Pagestheir children. Arcoiris Daycare was open on June 19, 2009. This home daycare provides services for children of varying ages including infants, toddlers and pre-school. Arcoiris daycare hours of operation are Monday through Friday from 8 am to 5 pm and Saturday from 9 am to 3 pm. In addition, this home daycare works together with Care4Kids, which is a government institution of the state of Connecticut that supports financially single mother. When this daycare opened, it had around three children but Read MoreChildhood Obesity Is A Growing Epidemic1297 Words   |  6 Pagesone-third of the children there are overweight, and by 2050 that number could rise to an alarming two-thirds (Phillips 2). There are many uncontrollable factors in childhood obesity such as the environment, income and genetics. However, parents are the most overlooked factor. Our children’s futures, with regard to their eating habits, are in the hands of their parents. Ultimately, children grow into adults who make their own choices, but parents can have a positive effect on the children s health in theirRead MoreSupport Children and Young People’s Health and Safety. Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesSupport children and young people’s health and safety. Outcome 1 Know the legislative and policy framework for health and safety 1.1- Describe how current health and safety legislation, policies and procedures are implemented in the setting. A schools Health and safety policy should conform to the requirements contained in the Health amp; Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. Specifically the policy should contain :- a) a General Statement of commitment to Hamp;S, signed by Head/Chair of GovernorsRead MoreChild Poverty877 Words   |  4 Pagesfactors of child poverty in the United Kingdom and how child poverty will be tackled. In the UK families have a prime responsibility to nurture and care for their children through various development stages (UNICEF 2012 ). Child poverty can happen from the break up of families, being in debt, poor education or unfortunately an orphan or born in to the situation (BBC, 2012). All children have the right to embark on the best possible start to life, within a secure and happy environment with support intoRead MoreSample Article On The Excellence Of Parenting1366 Words   |  6 Pagesthe lives of their children. They are the people that understand the principles of parenting and work towards it earnestly and accordingly, against all odds. Parenting is not just an act of giving birth and raising children, but an art of ensuring that those kids become responsible in the society and fulfil their purpose in life. In our society today, we have fathers and mothers whose major responsibilities is to give birth and ask God or Government to care for their children. So also, we have singleRead MoreEffects Of Advertisements On Children And Children900 Words   |  4 Pagestrying to prove that gender doesn’t matter. Men have the same responsibilities as women. According to certain theory children and teenagers learn about gender roles through actual experience, but also through how they see others act. Teenagers and children don’t know how to act right way in some situations, so they act as how they saw others act and what they saw on Advertisements or on television. Parents play a big role in how children view their own gender. Advertisements has two impact. TheRead MoreChildren Of The Classroom Benefit Students By Teaching Responsibility, Boosting Self Esteem, And Helping With Children With1290 Words   |  6 PagesPets in the classroom benefit students by teaching responsibility, boosting self-esteem, and helping with children with anxiety. â€Å"From early childhood, the desire to keep a pet is almost universal; children dream frequently about animals; images and pictures of animals dominate children s books; children who keep pets often regard baby-faced animals as siblings; and there appears to simply be an human attraction to, or at least interest in, non-human animals† (Daly, Suggs 104). â€Å"Keeping pet animals

Space Shuttle Challenger Essay Research Paper Rogers free essay sample

Space Shuttle Challenger Essay, Research Paper Rogers, William P. , et Al Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident United States Government Printing Office June 6, 1986 256 pages The Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, chaired by former Secretary of State William P. Rogers, investigated the fortunes environing the detonation of the Space Shuttle Challenger shortly after liftoff on January 28, 1986. The Commission was established in February, 1986, pursuant to Executive Order 12546, and it issued its concluding study in June, 1986. William Rogers was at the clip a practising lawyer and senior spouse in the jurisprudence house Rogers A ; Wells. In 1973, Rogers was awarded the Medal of Freedom. All other members of the Commission have first-class makings such as old ballistic capsule commanding officer, applied scientists, manager of Space Systems and Command, Control, Communication, astronauts, and physicists. January 28th, 1986, was the coldest twenty-four hours that NASA had of all time attempted to establish a manned ballistic capsule ; at 36 grades Fahrenheit, it was 15 grades colder than any old launch temperature. We will write a custom essay sample on Space Shuttle Challenger Essay Research Paper Rogers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although lift-off clip for the Challenger flight 51-L had been delayed twice that forenoon, all operations and systems seemed to be under control. An ice squad had been sent to the launch tablet at 1:30 ante meridiem and once more at 8:45 a.m. , and although there was some build-up, ice was cleared as a concern. Other conditions conditions were cleared by NASA staff at Cape Canaveral through the usage of conditions balloons and besides at the exigency set downing site in Dakar, Senegal, Africa. The seven member crew arrived at the launch tablet in the spacemans van shortly after 8:00 and were all strapped into their seats by 8:36 ante meridiem Three, two, one [ stated mission control ] . Roger. Travel with the accelerator up, shuttle commanding officer Dick Scobee radioed. 73 seconds subsequently, 1000000s of people across the state watched the atrocious detonation spread across their telecasting screens and realized that something had gone incorrect before they heard the voice of m ission control: Obviously a major malfunction. Rather than presenting the State of the Union reference that flushing as scheduled, President Ronald Reagan made a brief address. We ll go on our quest in infinite, he promised traumatized Americans. There will be more shuttle flights and more shuttle crews and, yes, more voluntaries, more civilians, more instructors in infinite. There would be no shuttle flights for about three old ages. There would be no instructor in infinite, and for those left on the land, for the households of seven deceased spacemans, there would be old ages of resentment, heartache and choler, and hurting before their lives could eventually mend. What went incorrect? What really happened to do a seasoned infinite bird such as Challenger to misfunction on its ten percent run? At 0.68 seconds after ignition, videotape showed black fume coming from the bottom field articulation of the right solid projectile supporter ( SRB ) . The SRB comes in four sections that are assembled. The bottom field articulation is the lowest articulation on the SRB. The black fume suggested that lubricating oil, joint insularity, and rubber O-rings were being burned. The fume continued to come from the bottom field articulation confronting the exterior armored combat vehicle in rhythms of three whiffs of fume per second. The last whiff of fume was seen at 2.7 seconds. The black fume was an indicant that the bottom field articulation was non sealing right. At 58.8 seconds into flight, on enhanced movie, a fire was seen coming from the right SRB. The fire was coming from the bottom of the bottom articulation. It was firing gas that was get awaying from the SRB. A fraction of a 2nd subsequently, at 59.3 seconds, the fire was good defined and could be seen without enhanced movie. As the fire increased in size, it had begun to force against the external armored combat vehicle due to the hotfooting air around the satellite. The SRB is attached to the external armored combat vehicle by a series of prances that run aboard the external armored combat vehicle. One of these prances is located at 310 grades of the perimeter of the SRB. As the fire grew, it pushed against this prance with an intense heat of about 5,600 grades Fahrenheit, doing it hot and weak. The first sighting of the fire hitting the external armored combat vehicle was at 64.7 seconds, when the colour of the fire changed. The colour alteration indicated that the fire was being produced through blending with another substance. This other substance was liquid H, which is stored in the bottom external armored combat vehicle. Pressure alterations from the H armored combat vehicle confirmed that there was a leak. At 72 seconds, there was a sudden concatenation of events that destroyed Challenger and the seven crew members on board. By now, the lower prance linking the right SRB to the external armored combat vehicle was highly hot and really weak. With the sum of force given by the SRB, the lower prance broke off from both the right SRB and the external armored combat vehicle, leting the right SRB to revolve freely around the top prances. The underside of the SRB swung around striking, denting, and firing Challenger # 8217 ; s wing. There was an utmost force that shot the H armored combat vehicle frontward into the O armored combat vehicle doing them to split. At 73.12 seconds into flight, a white vapour was seen from the bottom corner of the right SRB. The white vapour was the mixture of H and O. Merely milliseconds after the white vapour was seen, at 73.14 seconds, the freshness turned into a bolide in a immense detonation. The chief detonation was the H and O that came from the external a rmored combat vehicle. Challenger was going at a velocity of Mach 1.92 at a tallness of 46,000 pess when it blew up. The last recorded transmittal from Challenger was at 73.62 seconds after launch. Michael Smith was recorded as stating, Uhh oh! Six yearss subsequently, President Reagan, who was moved and troubled by the atrocious accident of mission 51-L, appointed an independent committee made up of individuals non connected with the mission to look into it. The intent of the committee was to: 1 ) Review the fortunes environing the accident to set up the likely cause or causes of the accident ; and 2 ) Develop recommendations for restorative or other action based upon the committee s findings and findings. Other selected individuals in add-on to Chairman Rogers were Vice-Chairman, Neil Armstrong, a old NASA spaceman and federal employee, and astronaut Sally Ride. The balance of the committee were David Acheson, Eugene Covert, Richard Feyman ( Nobel Prize physicist whose parts would be critical ) , Robert Hotz, Donald Kutyna, Robert Rummel, Joseph Sutter, Arthur Walker Jr. , Albert Wheelon, Charles Yeager, and Alton Keel Jr. Immediately after being appointed, the Rogers Commission moved frontward in its probe with the full support of the White House. It held public hearings covering with the facts taking up to the accident, and felt that the manner to cover with a failure of this magnitude was to unwrap all the facts to the full and openly. The committee took immediate stairss to rectify errors that led to the failure and helped to regenerate assurance and finding within NASA and in the eyes of the populace. The probe s chief aim was non needfully to indicate fingers but to see assurance in NASA s system by the populace and for the work forces and adult females who fly the birds. It focused its attending on the safety facets of future flights based on lessons learned from the appraisal, with the purpose being to return to safe infinite flight. At first, NASA seemed to be keep backing information about the accident from the populace, imperativeness, and Rogers Commission. The imperativeness was declaring it a intelligence blackout by NASA. Approximately two hebdomads following the calamity, the Rogers Commission was able to reassure the populace that the full narrative was being told in an orderly and thorough mode. The consensus of the Rogers Commission and other take parting fact-finding bureaus was that the loss of the infinite bird Challenger was caused by a failure in a joint between the two lower sections of the right solid projectile supporter. The solid projectile supporter # 8217 ; s sections are joined together by a nip and clevis articulation. Each section has a nip on the underside and a clevis on top. The clevis is the female connection, while the nip is the male linking constituent. The underside -mid section connects to the bottom section with a nose. Where this occurs is called the bottom field articulation. There are two washers called O-rings that wrap around the clevis and seal the joint, every bit good as a Zn chromate putty that is stuck in the joint. The bottom field articulation is the joint that failed on the right solid projectile supporter. There were a few causes that could hold led to the joint seal failure: 1 ) Damage or taint could hold occurred during the assembly. 2 ) The spread between the articulations had grown as a consequence of anterior usage of the solid projectile motors. 3 ) The temperature on the twenty-four hours of the launch was 36 grades ; the temperature of the bottom right field articulation was 28 grades at launch clip. 4 ) The public presentation of the putty that was applied to the joint. 5 ) Overall building of field articulations made by Morton Thiokol ( the company that produced the SRBs for NASA ) . The consequences included a combination of these possible causes. Although a serious concern, harm and/or taint of the field articulations at the clip of assembly was ruled out as a conducive component of flight 51-L s malfunction by the Rogers Commission. Records showed that the sections were assembled utilizing sanctioned processs. Significant out-of-round conditions existed between the two sections joined at the bottom right field articulation. This caused a spread concern during assembly, but trial records show that the spread was in the acceptable scope of mistake. Temperature was a cardinal factor involved in failure of the field joint seal. On the forenoon of the launch, the coldest articulations were the bottom field articulations of the right SRB. The temperature of that field articulation was 28 grades F. The temperature of the opposite side was about 50 grades F. When the O-rings are cold, they are really stiff and do non travel every bit rapidly as they should. Out of 21 launches with temperatures of 61 grades F or greater, merely four showed marks of O-ring thermic hurt. Each of the launches below 61 grades resulted in one or more O-rings demoing marks of eroding of blow-by and carbon black. Trials were done to see how fast O-rings seal at different temperatures. At 75 grades F the O-rings seal within 530 msecs. On the opposite side of the graduated table an O-ring at 20 grades F takes 1.9 seconds to seal. It is this difference in clip that most probably caused the detonation of the Challenger. It was Feyman s inquiries and analysis of informations that brought this out. The public presentation of the putty was another likely cause of the joint seal failure. The Zn chromate putty is placed on the interior of the articulations and besides forced between the spread of the nip and clevis during assembly. It is at that place to halt hot gas from making the O-rings. The hot gases can do holes in the putty, therefore allowing gas go through to the O-rings which could do harm. Prior to the 10th launch of the Challenger, the company that had been bring forthing the putty for the SRB articulations went out of concern. Putty had to be obtained from a new beginning, and post-testing showed that it was more susceptible to environmental effects ; wet made it tackier. Due to the launch temperature being really important, the Rogers Commission took this determination into history as a conducive factor. The Rogers Commission found that the failure was due to a faulty design intolerably sensitive to a figure of factors ( reusability, putty and O-ring public presentation in inauspicious temperatures ) . It concluded that the company bring forthing the O-rings, Morton Thiokol, and NASA were guilty of leting an evitable accident to happen. This accident was deemed evitable through research done by both companies applied scientists, anterior memoranda sent between the companies and section caputs, and events that took topographic point on the Eve of flight 51-L. On July 31st, 1985, Roger Boisjoly, Staff Engineer in applied mechanics at Morton Thiokol, sent a memo to Robert Lund, Thiokol s Vice President of Engineering, pressing that Thiokol s unofficial undertaking force originally said to be assigned to the field articulation job officially be pulled from its regular responsibilities and really assigned to the job. Prior to this petition, NASA and Morton Thiokol both knew that the solid projectile supporters were ill designed. In that period of clip, about every launch had been recorded as holding some type of eroding with the ill-famed O-rings. When Roger Boisjoly voiced his concern, about a twelvemonth and a half before the launch of the Challenger, the section heads coolly assured him that it was being worked on. A message sent in August, 1985, from the undertaking applied scientist recognized the job, stated that long term solutions looked good, and simple short term steps should be taken to cut down flight hazards. The long term soluti ons were projected to necessitate several old ages. Shuttlecocks had already been at hazard, and for the clip being would stay at hazard. The dark before the fatal launch, a figure of applied scientists voiced their concerns. Roger Boisjoly and others advised that a launch temperature of 53 grades Fahrenheit was important for proper operation of the field articulations O-rings. The Rogers Commission subsequently found that executives of Morton Thiokol were in understanding with the lower degree research applied scientists until they found out that NASA was sing other companies to construct the projectile supporters. Not desiring to lose their biggest client, Thiokol caputs changed their heads a few yearss before the 28th to move in the best involvements of the house # 8211 ; to travel a caput with the launch. This provided an even tougher challenge for Boisjoly and company to alter anyone s head on the launch Eve. He subsequently stated, This was a meeting where the finding was to establish, and it was up to us to turn out beyond a shadow of a uncertainty that it was non safe to make so. This is in entire contrary to what the place normally is in a preflight conversation or a flight preparedness reappraisal. The applied scientists were ignored. No one went to the imperativeness or a member of Congress. No 1 tried to make the spacemans and inform them of th e hazards they were taking if they launched the undermentioned forenoon. High-level applied scientists told NASA what it wanted to hear, and low-level applied scientists held their breath and went back to work. These were the grounds the Rogers Commission found NASA and Thiokol guilty of an evitable accident. NASA s haste to establish despite technology expostulations is typical of American corporate behaviour. Although NASA is a authorities bureau, non a concern, by seeking to do the bird commercially practical, NASA subjected its operations to concern considerations about from the beginning. Furthermore, the bureau is basically a coordinator of the work of a big figure of private corporations, where most of the applied scientists and technicians that were at inquiry were employed. The net income motivation for the companies seemed to be overruling technology concerns at precisely the clip when the applied scientist s positions were crucially of import. What happened at NASA and Morton Thiokol is a utile lesson for corporations: non merely were the applied scientists overruled by the direction, they were so afraid of revenge that they did non travel outside the concatenation of bid. Other than honest ethical patterns, they had a ground to be. Thiokol s first reaction to the catastrophe was to penalize Roger Boisjoly and Allan McDonald, Director of Solid Rocket Motors. These two were the chief perpetrators of showing the beliing launch grounds on the dark before the launch and besides the applied scientists who testified entirely before the Presidential Commission. The Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident was a thorough and complete probe into the infinite shuttle accident. The members of the committee did a first-class occupation of methodically traveling through each possible scenario and demoing how it could or could non hold impact the concluding consequence of the infinite shuttle accident. Upon happening the root of the job, they were able to show a history of anterior jobs with the O-rings, and demo a deficiency of stairss in guaranting the complete solution to this job. The committee completed its assigned undertaking of happening the job and suggesting a solution to guarantee that a national calamity of this magnitude would non happen in the hereafter and did an first-class occupation of showing it in the Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident.